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恭喜你发现了一个不为人知的小岛

Brainfuck interpreter in C

1. Brainfuck简介

我在此假定本文读者了解图灵机的概念。

Brainfuck(以下简称BF)是一门图灵完备的编程语言,也就是说,别的编程语言能做的事情BF都能做,甚至你可以用它来写一个操作系统。

来,先用一个Hello World来感受一下BF的画风:

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++++++++[>++++[>++>+++>+++>+<<<<-]>+>+>->>+[<]<-]>>.>---.+++++++..+++.>>.<-.<.+++.------.--------.>>+.>++.

输出:

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Hello World!

BF的规则和语法我这里就不说了(懒得打字,这东西网上一查一大堆,我就不生产冗余信息了),本文重点是解释器的实现。

人们常开玩笑说,最底层的编程语言是0和1(所谓的二进制编程)。实际上并不是这样的,因为01序列对应的还是指令,比如01110100实际上实现的是MOV指令的功能‬(举个栗子),指令少则几十个,多则上百个,各种分支跳转条件判断等等,跟BF相比还是显得很高级的。

我在此宣布:在软件界最底层的语言是BF!(esoteric programming languages就不说了……不然没完没了)

为什么要加软件界这个定语呢?因为不限定这个的话,Verilog会不服的。

2. 解释器的实现

因为我没有在网上找到让我满意的BF解释器,所以我就自己用C语言写了一个BF的解释器bf.exe。哈哈,听起来很装,其实不难,挺简单的,因为BF的语法本来就非常简单(虽然写起来很烧脑,这也是为什么这个语言叫Brainfuck)。

在了解了BF的规则和语法之后,学过C语言的应该都能知道怎么写了,比如>就是++p+就是++*p等等,不过循环部分需要仔细想一想,因为有嵌套的[ ],不能直接做match,需要有一个counter。

话不多说,直接上代码吧:

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/************************************************************
Copyleft
File Name: bf.c
Author: Chobits
Date: 2021.04.25
Description: Brainfuck interpreter implementation in C
Version: 1.0.0
***********************************************************/

#include <stdio.h>

#define TAPE_SIZE 1024

void bf(FILE *fp);

int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
if (argc != 2)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error: parameter number mismatch.\n");
fprintf(stderr, "Usage:\n");
fprintf(stderr, "bf <src_file> # Interpret the brainfuck source code.\n");
return 1;
}

FILE *fp = fopen(argv[1], "r");
if (fp == NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error: failed to open file \"%s\".\n", argv[1]);
return 2;
}

bf(fp);

fclose(fp);

return 0;
}

void bf(FILE *fp)
{
int bracket_cnt; // count brackets
signed char command; // current command character, signed because EOF
unsigned char data[TAPE_SIZE] = {0}; // memory data
unsigned char *dp; // memory data pointer

// Move dp to middle of the data tape
dp = &data[TAPE_SIZE / 2];

signed char c;
while ((command = getc(fp)) != EOF)
{
switch (command)
{
/* Move data pointer to next address */
case '>':
++dp;
break;

/* Move data pointer to previous address */
case '<':
--dp;
break;

/* Increase value at current data cell by one */
case '+':
++*dp;
break;

/* Decrease value at current data cell by one */
case '-':
--*dp;
break;

/* Output character at current data cell */
case '.':
putc(*dp, stdout);
break;

/* Accept one character from user and advance to next one */
case ',':
*dp = getc(stdin);
break;

/* When the value at current data cell is 0,
advance to next matching ] */
case '[':
if (!*dp)
{
for (bracket_cnt = 1; bracket_cnt; fseek(fp, 1, SEEK_CUR))
{
c = getc(fp);
fseek(fp, -1, SEEK_CUR);
if (c == '[')
{
bracket_cnt++;
}
else if (c == ']')
{
bracket_cnt--;
}
}
}
break;

/* Moves the command pointer back to matching
opening [ if the value of current data cell is not 0 */
case ']':
if (*dp)
{
// Move command pointer just before ]
fseek(fp, -2, SEEK_CUR);
for (bracket_cnt = 1; bracket_cnt; fseek(fp, -1, SEEK_CUR))
{
c = getc(fp);
fseek(fp, -1, SEEK_CUR);
if (c == ']')
{
bracket_cnt++;
}
else if (c == '[')
{
bracket_cnt--;
}
}
// Advance pointer after loop to match with opening [
fseek(fp, 1, SEEK_CUR);
}
break;

/* Ignore other characters */
default:
break;
}
}
}

真正实现解释器功能的核心代码不到一百行。

为了好看(装逼),注释都是英文的,英语四级过了的小伙伴应该都看得懂。

运行截图:

![](./最骚的编程语言和最小的解释器——Brainfuck interpreter in C/1.jpg)

3. PlainCode

如果说那个BF的Hello World代码不容易看懂的话,那么可以利用Python搞一个plain版本的,也就是这样:

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def fun(ascii):
return "+"*ascii + ".>"

string = "Hello World!"

print(''.join(list(map(fun, map(ord, string)))))

转换结果就是很plain的BF代码:

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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.>+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.>++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.>++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.>+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.>++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.>+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.>+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.>++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.>++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.>++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.>+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.>

如果还看不明白的话,可以再人性化一点:

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def fun(ascii):
return "+"*ascii + ".> // '" + chr(ascii) + "'\n"

string = "Hello World!"

print(''.join(list(map(fun, map(ord, string)))))

转换结果:

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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // 'H'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // 'e'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // 'l'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // 'l'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // 'o'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // ' '
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // 'W'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // 'o'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // 'r'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // 'l'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // 'd'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // '!'

其中的//只是为了强调这是注释,因为实际上在BF解释器里面任何那八种操作之外的字符都会被忽略:default: break;

运行结果:

![](.\最骚的编程语言和最小的解释器——Brainfuck interpreter in C\2.jpg)

但是,写到这里,我突然发现,如果要是注释里面需要有那八个字符怎么办?

比如:

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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // 't'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // 'e'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // 's'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // 't'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // ' '
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // '/'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // '/'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // '+'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // '+'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // '>'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // '>'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // ','
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // '.'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> // '['

那么程序就会出问题,因为任何出现在代码里面的那那八个字符都会被解释执行,除非……把//变成单行注释!

好吧,两个字符的单行注释不好写,用;当作单行注释吧!和汇编还吻合呢~

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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> ; 't'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> ; 'e'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> ; 's'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> ; 't'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> ; ' '
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> ; ';'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> ; '+'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> ; '+'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> ; '>'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> ; '>'
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> ; ','
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> ; '.'
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> ; '['
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.> ; ';'

BF的代码是这样子的,那么,就需要在bf.c里面再加一个case了:

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/* Single-line comment */
case ';':
while ((c = getc(fp)) != '\n' && c != EOF)
{
}
break;

因为单行注释的结束有两种可能:一种是到下一行,一种是直接到文件结尾(没有换行符),所以需要那样写。一开始我只写了个while ((c = getc(fp)) != '\n')在最后就会引发一个无限循环的bug。

测试:

![](.\最骚的编程语言和最小的解释器——Brainfuck interpreter in C\3.jpg)

注意,上图.\bfcode_comment.bf最后的';'后面是没有换行符的,这里换行的效果是VS Code终端的设置。

OK,完美~

咦?我好像不知不觉间给BF实现了单行注释的功能……啊哈哈哈

可能很多人会觉得这很无聊,觉得作者太闲了,做这些有什么用呢?这些确实没有什么用,我并不是为了实用性而写的,也不能说是完全为了学习而写,其实做这些更像是一种娱乐吧。这有点像小孩子玩积木一样,全心全意地把自己的注意力放在积木上面。日常的生活中,其实有很多的烦恼和苦闷,而当我沉浸在计算机世界里的时候,能够让自己的心沉浸在这小小的天地中,能够体会到宁静和满足,就足够了。